Vocal Cord Dysfunction: Is It a Type of Asthma?

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a syndrome that causes asthma-like symptoms as a result of the abnormal closure of the vocal cords. This is sometimes called paradoxical vocal fold motion and is due to narrowing of the larynx (voicebox) when vocal cords don't move properly.

This narrowing makes it harder to move air. Symptoms that include wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest or neck tightness are similar to asthma, but VCD is really due to other causes, like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or postnasal drip.

This article explains vocal cord dysfunction symptoms and causes. You'll learn more about how healthcare providers diagnose and treat VCD.

What Are Signs of Vocal Cord Dysfunction?

Normally, the vocal cords, which sit over the airway at the larynx, open to let air move through when you take a deep breath. Then, the vocal cords close and vibrate over the airway to make a sound when you are talking.

But with vocal cord dysfunction, the vocal cords will close over the airways as you inhale, making it difficult to breathe. While some air will get through, severe attacks can often lead to hyperventilation and require medical treatment.

Typically, when VCD occurs, a person will notice the sudden onset of severe symptoms like:

• Trouble breathing
• Wheezing
• Stridor (a high-pitched noise) when inhaling
• Inability to speak or a hoarse voice
• Throat and chest tightness

People with vocal cord dysfunction often complain of excess mucus in the throat and difficulty clearing it from the airway.

What Causes Vocal Cord Dysfunction?

The cause of vocal cord dysfunction is not fully known or understood. It appears to occur more often in females and people between 30 and 40 years old, although anyone can experience VCD.

Some of the conditions that may contribute to VCD include GERD and postnasal drip, but other conditions that can lead to similar symptoms of vocal cord dysfunction include:

• Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Vocal cord nodules, polyps, or other structural changes
• Laryngeal nerve injury or spasms
• Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

VCD seems to be triggered in various ways. For some, exercise is the only cause for some people. For others, stress and anxiety—often during social gatherings—is a common trigger. Other people have their VCD triggered by irritants or strong odors like perfumes.

How Vocal Cord Dysfunction Is Diagnosed

Vocal cord dysfunction diagnosis is based on symptoms and other clues, like not responding to treatment with asthma medications. The person may have had multiple emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even endotracheal intubations as a result of symptoms.

For VCD to be diagnosed, a healthcare provider needs to see that the vocal folds come together during inhalation, which is the opposite of what they should do.

How Do You Fix Vocal Cord Dysfunction?

There are many treatment options for people with VCD, many of which focus on relaxation of the vocal cord muscles. Others aim to prevent triggers that lead to VCD attacks. Options include:

• Speech therapy
• Breathing exercises
• Relaxation techniques
• Biofeedback
• Botox injections in the vocal cords (for some causes)

Treatment of GERD and any other underlying condition that contributes to vocal cord dysfunction is essential. Many people find symptoms improve with appropriate treatment.

Summary

Vocal cord dysfunction causes restricted airflow to the lungs, often leading to problems breathing. Symptoms of wheezing and stridor are similar to those seen in asthma and some other respiratory conditions, but they are not treated the same.

Common causes of VCD include GERD and postnasal drip, with mucus and secretions that irritate the vocal cords. Many people experience good outcomes with appropriate treatment for VCD.

Talk to your healthcare provider about VCD symptoms to ensure you receive the correct diagnosis for your symptoms and the right therapies to resolve VCD.